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Batteries are a kind of energy conversion and storage devices that convert chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. According to the different energy conversion of the battery, the battery can be divided into a chemical battery and a biological battery. A chemical battery or chemical power source is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises two electrochemically active electrodes with different components, respectively, composed of positive and negative electrodes. A chemical substance that can provide media conduction is used as an electrolyte. When connected to an external carrier, it delivers electrical energy by converting its internal chemical energy. A physical battery is a device that converts physical energy into electrical energy.

Ang pangunahing pagkakaiba ay ang aktibong materyal ay naiiba. Ang aktibong materyal ng pangalawang baterya ay nababaligtad, habang ang aktibong materyal ng pangunahing baterya ay hindi. Ang self-discharge ng pangunahing baterya ay mas maliit kaysa sa pangalawang baterya. Gayunpaman, ang panloob na pagtutol ay mas malaki kaysa sa pangalawang baterya, kaya ang kapasidad ng pagkarga ay mas mababa. Bilang karagdagan, ang kapasidad na partikular sa masa at kapasidad na partikular sa volume ng pangunahing baterya ay mas makabuluhan kaysa sa mga magagamit na rechargeable na baterya.

Ni-MH batteries use Ni oxide as the positive electrode, hydrogen storage metal as the negative electrode, and lye (mainly KOH) as the electrolyte. When the nickel-hydrogen battery is charged: Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e- Adverse electrode reaction: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH- When the Ni-MH battery is discharged: Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH- Negative electrode reaction: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

The main component of the positive electrode of the lithium-ion battery is LiCoO2, and the negative electrode is mainly C. When charging, Positive electrode reaction: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe- Negative reaction: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix Total battery reaction: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix The reverse reaction of the above reaction occurs during discharge.

Commonly used IEC standards for batteries: The standard for nickel-metal hydride batteries is IEC61951-2: 2003; the lithium-ion battery industry generally follows UL or national standards. Commonly used national standards for batteries: The standards for nickel-metal hydride batteries are GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; the standards for lithium batteries are GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, and GB/T18287_2000. In addition, the commonly used standards for batteries also include the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS C on batteries. IEC, the International Electrical Commission (International Electrical Commission), is a worldwide standardization organization composed of electrical committees of various countries. Its purpose is to promote the standardization of the world's electrical and electronic fields. IEC standards are standards formulated by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

Ang mga pangunahing bahagi ng mga baterya ng nickel-metal hydride ay positibong electrode sheet (nickel oxide), negatibong electrode sheet (hydrogen storage alloy), electrolyte (pangunahing KOH), diaphragm paper, sealing ring, positive electrode cap, battery case, atbp.

Ang mga pangunahing bahagi ng mga baterya ng lithium-ion ay ang itaas at mas mababang mga takip ng baterya, positibong electrode sheet (aktibong materyal ay lithium cobalt oxide), separator (isang espesyal na composite membrane), isang negatibong elektrod (aktibong materyal ay carbon), organic electrolyte, case ng baterya (Nahahati sa dalawang uri ng shell ng bakal at aluminyo shell) at iba pa.

Ito ay tumutukoy sa paglaban na nararanasan ng kasalukuyang dumadaloy sa baterya kapag gumagana ang baterya. Binubuo ito ng ohmic internal resistance at polarization internal resistance. Ang makabuluhang panloob na resistensya ng baterya ay magbabawas sa paglabas ng baterya na gumaganang boltahe at paikliin ang oras ng paglabas. Ang panloob na paglaban ay pangunahing apektado ng materyal ng baterya, proseso ng pagmamanupaktura, istraktura ng baterya, at iba pang mga kadahilanan. Ito ay isang mahalagang parameter upang masukat ang pagganap ng baterya. Tandaan: Sa pangkalahatan, ang panloob na pagtutol sa naka-charge na estado ay ang pamantayan. Upang kalkulahin ang panloob na resistensya ng baterya, dapat itong gumamit ng isang espesyal na meter ng panloob na pagtutol sa halip na isang multimeter sa hanay ng ohm.

Ang nominal na boltahe ng baterya ay tumutukoy sa boltahe na ipinakita sa panahon ng regular na operasyon. Ang nominal na boltahe ng pangalawang nickel-cadmium nickel-hydrogen na baterya ay 1.2V; ang nominal na boltahe ng pangalawang baterya ng lithium ay 3.6V.

Ang boltahe ng bukas na circuit ay tumutukoy sa potensyal na pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng positibo at negatibong mga electrodes ng baterya kapag ang baterya ay hindi gumagana, iyon ay, kapag walang kasalukuyang dumadaloy sa circuit. Ang gumaganang boltahe, na kilala rin bilang terminal boltahe, ay tumutukoy sa potensyal na pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng mga positibo at negatibong pole ng baterya kapag gumagana ang baterya, iyon ay, kapag may overcurrent sa circuit.

Ang kapasidad ng baterya ay nahahati sa na-rate na kapangyarihan at ang aktwal na kakayahan. Ang na-rate na kapasidad ng baterya ay tumutukoy sa itinatakda o mga garantiya na ang baterya ay dapat maglabas ng pinakamababang halaga ng kuryente sa ilalim ng ilang partikular na kondisyon sa paglabas sa panahon ng disenyo at paggawa ng bagyo. Ang pamantayan ng IEC ay nagsasaad na ang mga baterya ng nickel-cadmium at nickel-metal hydride ay sinisingil sa 0.1C sa loob ng 16 na oras at idini-discharge sa 0.2C hanggang 1.0V sa temperatura na 20°C±5°C. Ang na-rate na kapasidad ng baterya ay ipinahayag bilang C5. Ang mga bateryang Lithium-ion ay itinakda na mag-charge ng 3 oras sa ilalim ng average na temperatura, pare-pareho ang kasalukuyang (1C)-constant na boltahe (4.2V) na kontrol na hinihingi ang mga kondisyon, at pagkatapos ay i-discharge sa 0.2C hanggang 2.75V kapag ang na-discharge na kuryente ay na-rate na kapasidad. Ang aktwal na kapasidad ng baterya ay tumutukoy sa tunay na kapangyarihan na inilabas ng bagyo sa ilalim ng ilang partikular na kundisyon sa paglabas, na pangunahing apektado ng rate ng paglabas at temperatura (sa mahigpit na pagsasalita, ang kapasidad ng baterya ay dapat tukuyin ang mga kondisyon ng pagkarga at paglabas). Ang yunit ng kapasidad ng baterya ay Ah, mAh (1Ah=1000mAh).

Kapag ang rechargeable na baterya ay na-discharge nang may malaking kasalukuyang (tulad ng 1C o mas mataas), dahil sa "bottleneck effect" na umiiral sa internal diffusion rate ng kasalukuyang overcurrent, ang baterya ay umabot sa terminal voltage kapag ang kapasidad ay hindi ganap na na-discharge. , at pagkatapos ay gumagamit ng isang maliit na kasalukuyang tulad ng 0.2C ay maaaring magpatuloy sa pag-alis, hanggang sa 1.0V/piraso (nickel-cadmium at nickel-hydrogen na baterya) at 3.0V/piece (lithium na baterya), ang inilabas na kapasidad ay tinatawag na natitirang kapasidad.

Ang discharge platform ng Ni-MH rechargeable na mga baterya ay karaniwang tumutukoy sa hanay ng boltahe kung saan ang gumaganang boltahe ng baterya ay medyo stable kapag na-discharge sa ilalim ng isang partikular na sistema ng paglabas. Ang halaga nito ay nauugnay sa kasalukuyang naglalabas. Ang mas malaki ang kasalukuyang, mas mababa ang timbang. Ang discharge platform ng mga lithium-ion na baterya ay karaniwang huminto sa pag-charge kapag ang boltahe ay 4.2V, at ang kasalukuyan ay mas mababa sa 0.01C sa isang pare-parehong boltahe, pagkatapos ay iwanan ito ng 10 minuto, at i-discharge sa 3.6V sa anumang rate ng discharge kasalukuyang. Ito ay isang kinakailangang pamantayan upang masukat ang kalidad ng mga baterya.

Ayon sa pamantayan ng IEC, ang marka ng baterya ng Ni-MH ay binubuo ng 5 bahagi. 01) Battery type: HF and HR indicate nickel-metal hydride batteries 02) Battery size information: including the diameter and height of the round battery, the height, width, and thickness of the square battery, and the values ​​are separated by a slash, unit: mm 03) Discharge characteristic symbol: L means that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5C M indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5-3.5C H indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 3.5-7.0C X indicates that the battery can work at a high rate discharge current of 7C-15C. 04) High-temperature battery symbol: represented by T 05) Battery connection piece: CF represents no connection piece, HH represents the connection piece for battery pull-type series connection, and HB represents the connection piece for side-by-side series connection of battery belts. Halimbawa, ang HF18/07/49 ay kumakatawan sa isang square nickel-metal hydride na baterya na may lapad na 18mm, 7mm, at taas na 49mm. Ang KRMT33/62HH ay kumakatawan sa nickel-cadmium na baterya; ang discharge rate ay nasa pagitan ng 0.5C-3.5, high-temperature series single battery (walang connecting piece), diameter 33mm, taas 62mm. According to the IEC61960 standard, the identification of the secondary lithium battery is as follows: 01) The battery logo composition: 3 letters, followed by five numbers (cylindrical) or 6 (square) numbers. 02) Ang unang titik: ay nagpapahiwatig ng nakakapinsalang materyal ng elektrod ng baterya. Ang I—ay kumakatawan sa lithium-ion na may built-in na baterya; L—kumakatawan sa lithium metal electrode o lithium alloy electrode. 03) Ang pangalawang titik: ay nagpapahiwatig ng cathode material ng baterya. C—kobalt-based na elektrod; N—nakabatay sa nikel na elektrod; M—manganese-based electrode; V—vanadium-based na elektrod. 04) Ang ikatlong titik: ay nagpapahiwatig ng hugis ng baterya. Ang R-ay kumakatawan sa cylindrical na baterya; L-kumakatawan sa parisukat na baterya. 05) Mga Numero: Cylindrical na baterya: 5 numero ayon sa pagkakabanggit ay nagpapahiwatig ng diameter at taas ng bagyo. Ang yunit ng diameter ay isang milimetro, at ang sukat ay isang ikasampu ng isang milimetro. Kapag ang anumang diameter o taas ay mas malaki sa o katumbas ng 100mm, dapat itong magdagdag ng dayagonal na linya sa pagitan ng dalawang laki. Square na baterya: 6 na numero ang nagpapahiwatig ng kapal, lapad, at taas ng bagyo sa milimetro. Kapag ang alinman sa tatlong dimensyon ay mas malaki sa o katumbas ng 100mm, dapat itong magdagdag ng slash sa pagitan ng mga sukat; kung ang alinman sa tatlong dimensyon ay mas mababa sa 1mm, ang letrang "t" ay idinaragdag sa harap ng dimensyong ito, at ang yunit ng dimensyong ito ay isang ikasampu ng isang milimetro. Halimbawa, ang ICR18650 ay kumakatawan sa isang cylindrical pangalawang lithium-ion na baterya; ang cathode material ay cobalt, ang diameter nito ay mga 18mm, at ang taas nito ay mga 65mm. ICR20/1050. Ang ICP083448 ay kumakatawan sa isang parisukat na pangalawang baterya ng lithium-ion; ang cathode material ay kobalt, ang kapal nito ay halos 8mm, ang lapad ay halos 34mm, at ang taas ay halos 48mm. Ang ICP08/34/150 ay kumakatawan sa isang parisukat na pangalawang baterya ng lithium-ion; ang cathode material ay kobalt, ang kapal nito ay halos 8mm, ang lapad ay halos 34mm, at ang taas ay halos 150mm.

01) Non-dry meson (paper) such as fiber paper, double-sided tape 02) PVC film, trademark tube 03) Connecting sheet: stainless steel sheet, pure nickel sheet, nickel-plated steel sheet 04) Lead-out piece: stainless steel piece (easy to solder) Pure nickel sheet (spot-welded firmly) 05) Plugs 06) Protection components such as temperature control switches, overcurrent protectors, current limiting resistors 07) Carton, paper box 08) Plastic shell

01) Beautiful, brand 02) The battery voltage is limited. To obtain a higher voltage, it must connect multiple batteries in series. 03) Protect the battery, prevent short circuits, and prolong battery life 04) Size limitation 05) Easy to transport 06) Design of special functions, such as waterproof, unique appearance design, etc.

Pangunahing kabilang dito ang boltahe, panloob na resistensya, kapasidad, density ng enerhiya, panloob na presyon, rate ng paglabas sa sarili, buhay ng ikot, pagganap ng sealing, pagganap ng kaligtasan, pagganap ng imbakan, hitsura, atbp. Mayroon ding labis na singil, labis na paglabas, at paglaban sa kaagnasan.

01) Cycle life 02) Different rate discharge characteristics 03) Discharge characteristics at different temperatures 04) Charging characteristics 05) Self-discharge characteristics 06) Storage characteristics 07) Over-discharge characteristics 08) Internal resistance characteristics at different temperatures 09) Temperature cycle test 10) Drop test 11) Vibration test 12) Capacity test 13) Internal resistance test 14) GMS test 15) High and low-temperature impact test 16) Mechanical shock test 17) High temperature and high humidity test

01) Short circuit test 02) Overcharge and over-discharge test 03) Withstand voltage test 04) Impact test 05) Vibration test 06) Heating test 07) Fire test 09) Variable temperature cycle test 10) Trickle charge test 11) Free drop test 12) low air pressure test 13) Forced discharge test 15) Electric heating plate test 17) Thermal shock test 19) Acupuncture test 20) Squeeze test 21) Heavy object impact test

Charging method of Ni-MH battery: 01) Constant current charging: the charging current is a specific value in the whole charging process; this method is the most common; 02) Constant voltage charging: During the charging process, both ends of the charging power supply maintain a constant value, and the current in the circuit gradually decreases as the battery voltage increases; 03) Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero. Lithium battery charging method: Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero.

Itinakda ng internasyonal na pamantayan ng IEC na ang karaniwang pag-charge at pagdiskarga ng mga baterya ng nickel-metal hydride ay: i-discharge muna ang baterya sa 0.2C hanggang 1.0V/piraso, pagkatapos ay i-charge sa 0.1C sa loob ng 16 na oras, iwanan ito ng 1 oras, at ilagay ito sa 0.2C hanggang 1.0V/piraso, iyon ay Upang i-charge at i-discharge ang pamantayan ng baterya.

Ang pag-charge ng pulso ay karaniwang gumagamit ng pag-charge at pag-discharge, na nagtatakda ng 5 segundo at pagkatapos ay ilalabas ng 1 segundo. Babawasan nito ang karamihan sa oxygen na nabuo sa panahon ng proseso ng pagsingil sa mga electrolyte sa ilalim ng discharge pulse. Hindi lamang nito nililimitahan ang dami ng internal electrolyte vaporization, ngunit ang mga lumang baterya na na-polarized nang husto ay unti-unting mababawi o lalapit sa orihinal na kapasidad pagkatapos ng 5-10 beses ng pag-charge at pagdiskarga gamit ang paraan ng pag-charge na ito.

Ang trickle charging ay ginagamit upang mabawi ang pagkawala ng kapasidad na dulot ng self-discharge ng baterya pagkatapos itong ganap na ma-charge. Sa pangkalahatan, ginagamit ang pulse current charging para makamit ang layunin sa itaas.

Ang kahusayan sa pag-charge ay tumutukoy sa sukat ng antas kung saan ang enerhiyang elektrikal na natupok ng baterya sa panahon ng proseso ng pag-charge ay na-convert sa enerhiyang kemikal na maaaring iimbak ng baterya. Pangunahing apektado ito ng teknolohiya ng baterya at temperatura ng kapaligiran sa pagtatrabaho ng bagyo—karaniwan, mas mataas ang temperatura sa paligid, mas mababa ang kahusayan sa pagsingil.

Ang kahusayan sa pagdiskarga ay tumutukoy sa aktwal na kapangyarihan na ibinubuhos sa boltahe ng terminal sa ilalim ng ilang mga kundisyon sa paglabas sa na-rate na kapasidad. Pangunahing apektado ito ng rate ng paglabas, temperatura ng kapaligiran, panloob na pagtutol, at iba pang mga kadahilanan. Sa pangkalahatan, mas mataas ang discharge rate, mas mataas ang discharge rate. Mas mababa ang kahusayan sa paglabas. Kung mas mababa ang temperatura, mas mababa ang kahusayan sa paglabas.

The output power of a battery refers to the ability to output energy per unit time. It is calculated based on the discharge current I and the discharge voltage, P=U*I, the unit is watts. The lower the internal resistance of the battery, the higher the output power. The internal resistance of the battery should be less than the internal resistance of the electrical appliance. Otherwise, the battery itself consumes more power than the electrical appliance, which is uneconomical and may damage the battery.

Self-discharge is also called charge retention capability, which refers to the retention capability of the battery's stored power under certain environmental conditions in an open circuit state. Generally speaking, self-discharge is mainly affected by manufacturing processes, materials, and storage conditions. Self-discharge is one of the main parameters to measure battery performance. Generally speaking, the lower the storage temperature of the battery, the lower the self-discharge rate, but it should also note that the temperature is too low or too high, which may damage the battery and become unusable. After the battery is fully charged and left open for some time, a certain degree of self-discharge is average. The IEC standard stipulates that after fully charged, Ni-MH batteries should be left open for 28 days at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%, and the 0.2C discharge capacity will reach 60% of the initial total.

The self-discharge test of lithium battery is: Generally, 24-hour self-discharge is used to test its charge retention capacity quickly. The battery is discharged at 0.2C to 3.0V, constant current. Constant voltage is charged to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, after 15 minutes of storage, discharge at 1C to 3.0 V test its discharge capacity C1, then set the battery with constant current and constant voltage 1C to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, and measure 1C capacity C2 after being left for 24 hours. C2/C1*100% should be more significant than 99%.

The internal resistance in the charged state refers to the internal resistance when the battery is 100% fully charged; the internal resistance in the discharged state refers to the internal resistance after the battery is fully discharged. Generally speaking, the internal resistance in the discharged state is not stable and is too large. The internal resistance in the charged state is more minor, and the resistance value is relatively stable. During the battery's use, only the charged state's internal resistance is of practical significance. In the later period of the battery's help, due to the exhaustion of the electrolyte and the reduction of the activity of internal chemical substances, the battery's internal resistance will increase to varying degrees.

Ang static na panloob na resistensya ay ang panloob na resistensya ng baterya sa panahon ng pag-discharge, at ang dynamic na panloob na resistensya ay ang panloob na resistensya ng baterya habang nagcha-charge.

The IEC stipulates that the standard overcharge test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: Discharge the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, and charge it continuously at 0.1C for 48 hours. The battery should have no deformation or leakage. After overcharge, the discharge time from 0.2C to 1.0V should be more than 5 hours.

IEC stipulates that the standard cycle life test of nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After the battery is placed at 0.2C to 1.0V/pc 01) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, then discharge at 0.2C for 2 hours and 30 minutes (one cycle) 02) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and discharge at 0.25C for 2 hours and 20 minutes (2-48 cycles) 03) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and release to 1.0V at 0.25C (49th cycle) 04) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, put it aside for 1 hour, discharge at 0.2C to 1.0V (50th cycle). For nickel-metal hydride batteries, after repeating 400 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more significant than 3 hours; for nickel-cadmium batteries, repeating a total of 500 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more critical than 3 hours.

Refers to the internal air pressure of the battery, which is caused by the gas generated during the charging and discharging of the sealed battery and is mainly affected by battery materials, manufacturing processes, and battery structure. The main reason for this is that the gas generated by the decomposition of moisture and organic solution inside the battery accumulates. Generally, the internal pressure of the battery is maintained at an average level. In the case of overcharge or over-discharge, the internal pressure of the battery may increase: For example, overcharge, positive electrode: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ① The generated oxygen reacts with the hydrogen precipitated on the negative electrode to produce water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ② If the speed of reaction ② is lower than that of reaction ①, the oxygen generated will not be consumed in time, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise.

IEC stipulates that the standard charge retention test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After putting the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, store it at 20℃±5℃ and humidity of 65%±20%, keep it for 28 days, then discharge it to 1.0V at 0.2C, and Ni-MH batteries should be more than 3 hours. The national standard stipulates that the standard charge retention test for lithium batteries is: (IEC has no relevant standards) the battery is placed at 0.2C to 3.0/piece, and then charged to 4.2V at a constant current and voltage of 1C, with a cut-off wind of 10mA and a temperature of 20 After storing for 28 days at ℃±5℃, discharge it to 2.75V at 0.2C and calculate the discharge capacity. Compared with the battery's nominal capacity, it should be no less than 85% of the initial total.

Gumamit ng wire na may panloob na resistensya ≤100mΩ upang ikonekta ang mga positibo at negatibong pole ng baterya na puno ng charge sa isang kahon na hindi lumalaban sa pagsabog upang mai-short-circuit ang mga positibo at negatibong pole. Ang baterya ay hindi dapat sumabog o masunog.

The high temperature and humidity test of Ni-MH battery are: After the battery is fully charged, store it under constant temperature and humidity conditions for several days, and observe no leakage during storage. The high temperature and high humidity test of lithium battery is: (national standard) Charge the battery with 1C constant current and constant voltage to 4.2V, cut-off current of 10mA, and then put it in a continuous temperature and humidity box at (40±2)℃ and relative humidity of 90%-95% for 48h, then take out the battery in (20 Leave it at ±5)℃ for two h. Observe that the appearance of the battery should be standard. Then discharge to 2.75V at a constant current of 1C, and then perform 1C charging and 1C discharge cycles at (20±5)℃ until the discharge capacity Not less than 85% of the initial total, but the number of cycles is not more than three times.

Pagkatapos ma-full charge ang baterya, ilagay ito sa oven at painitin mula sa temperatura ng kuwarto sa bilis na 5°C/min. Pagkatapos ma-full charge ang baterya, ilagay ito sa oven at painitin mula sa temperatura ng kuwarto sa bilis na 5°C/min. Kapag ang temperatura ng oven ay umabot sa 130°C, panatilihin ito sa loob ng 30 minuto. Ang baterya ay hindi dapat sumabog o masunog. Kapag ang temperatura ng oven ay umabot sa 130°C, panatilihin ito sa loob ng 30 minuto. Ang baterya ay hindi dapat sumabog o masunog.

The temperature cycle experiment contains 27 cycles, and each process consists of the following steps: 01) The battery is changed from average temperature to 66±3℃, placed for 1 hour under the condition of 15±5%, 02) Switch to a temperature of 33±3°C and humidity of 90±5°C for 1 hour, 03) The condition is changed to -40±3℃ and placed for 1 hour 04) Put the battery at 25℃ for 0.5 hours These four steps complete a cycle. After 27 cycles of experiments, the battery should have no leakage, alkali climbing, rust, or other abnormal conditions.

Matapos ang baterya o baterya pack ay ganap na na-charge, ito ay ibinaba mula sa taas na 1m patungo sa kongkreto (o semento) na lupa nang tatlong beses upang makakuha ng mga shock sa mga random na direksyon.

The vibration test method of Ni-MH battery is: After discharging the battery to 1.0V at 0.2C, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, and then vibrate under the following conditions after being left for 24 hours: Amplitude: 0.8mm Make the battery vibrate between 10HZ-55HZ, increasing or decreasing at a vibration rate of 1HZ every minute. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ. (Vibration time is 90min) The lithium battery vibration test method is: After the battery is discharged to 3.0V at 0.2C, it is charged to 4.2V with constant current and constant voltage at 1C, and the cut-off current is 10mA. After being left for 24 hours, it will vibrate under the following conditions: The vibration experiment is carried out with the vibration frequency from 10 Hz to 60 Hz to 10 Hz in 5 minutes, and the amplitude is 0.06 inches. The battery vibrates in three-axis directions, and each axis shakes for half an hour. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ.

Pagkatapos ma-full charge ang baterya, ilagay ang isang hard rod nang pahalang at ihulog ang isang 20-pound object mula sa isang tiyak na taas sa hard rod. Ang baterya ay hindi dapat sumabog o masunog.

Pagkatapos ma-full charge ang baterya, ipasa ang isang pako na may partikular na diameter sa gitna ng bagyo at iwanan ang pin sa baterya. Ang baterya ay hindi dapat sumabog o masunog.

Ilagay ang ganap na naka-charge na baterya sa isang heating device na may natatanging proteksiyon na takip para sa apoy, at walang mga debris na dadaan sa proteksiyon na takip.

Ito ay nakapasa sa ISO9001:2000 quality system certification at ISO14001:2004 environmental protection system certification; ang produkto ay nakakuha ng EU CE certification at North America UL certification, nakapasa sa SGS environmental protection test, at nakakuha ng patent license ng Ovonic; kasabay nito, inaprubahan ng PICC ang mga produkto ng kumpanya sa underwriting ng Saklaw ng mundo.

Ang Ready-to-use na baterya ay isang bagong uri ng Ni-MH na baterya na may mataas na rate ng pagpapanatili ng singil na inilunsad ng kumpanya. Ito ay isang bateryang lumalaban sa imbakan na may dalawahang pagganap ng pangunahin at pangalawang baterya at maaaring palitan ang pangunahing baterya. Ibig sabihin, ang baterya ay maaaring i-recycle at may mas mataas na natitirang kapangyarihan pagkatapos ng pag-imbak para sa parehong oras tulad ng mga ordinaryong pangalawang Ni-MH na baterya.

Compared with similar products, this product has the following remarkable features: 01) Smaller self-discharge; 02) Longer storage time; 03) Over-discharge resistance; 04) Long cycle life; 05) Especially when the battery voltage is lower than 1.0V, it has a good capacity recovery function; More importantly, this type of battery has a charge retention rate of up to 75% when stored in an environment of 25°C for one year, so this battery is the ideal product to replace disposable batteries.

01) Please read the battery manual carefully before use; 02) The electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wiped clean with a damp cloth if necessary, and installed according to the polarity mark after drying; 03) Do not mix old and new batteries, and different types of batteries of the same model can not be combined so as not to reduce the efficiency of use; 04) The disposable battery cannot be regenerated by heating or charging; 05) Do not short-circuit the battery; 06) Do not disassemble and heat the battery or throw the battery into the water; 07) When electrical appliances are not in use for a long time, it should remove the battery, and it should turn the switch off after use; 08) Do not discard waste batteries randomly, and separate them from other garbage as much as possible to avoid polluting the environment; 09) When there is no adult supervision, do not allow children to replace the battery. Small batteries should be placed out of the reach of children; 10) it should store the battery in a cool, dry place without direct sunlight.

At present, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are widely used in various portable electrical equipment (such as notebook computers, cameras, and mobile phones). Each rechargeable battery has its unique chemical properties. The main difference between nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries is that the energy density of nickel-metal hydride batteries is relatively high. Compared with batteries of the same type, the capacity of Ni-MH batteries is twice that of Ni-Cd batteries. This means that the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries can significantly extend the working time of the equipment when no additional weight is added to the electrical equipment. Another advantage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is that they significantly reduce the "memory effect" problem in cadmium batteries to use nickel-metal hydride batteries more conveniently. Ni-MH batteries are more environmentally friendly than Ni-Cd batteries because there are no toxic heavy metal elements inside. Li-ion has also quickly become a common power source for portable devices. Li-ion can provide the same energy as Ni-MH batteries but can reduce weight by about 35%, suitable for electrical equipment such as cameras and laptops. It is crucial. Li-ion has no "memory effect," The advantages of no toxic substances are also essential factors that make it a common power source. It will significantly reduce the discharge efficiency of Ni-MH batteries at low temperatures. Generally, the charging efficiency will increase with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature rises above 45°C, the performance of rechargeable battery materials at high temperatures will degrade, and it will significantly shorten the battery's cycle life.

Ang rate ng discharge ay tumutukoy sa rate ng relasyon sa pagitan ng discharge current (A) at ang rate na kapasidad (A•h) sa panahon ng combustion. Ang oras-oras na rate ng discharge ay tumutukoy sa mga oras na kinakailangan upang ma-discharge ang na-rate na kapasidad sa isang partikular na kasalukuyang output.

Since the battery in a digital camera has a low temperature, the active material activity is significantly reduced, which may not provide the camera's standard operating current, so outdoor shooting in areas with low temperature, especially. Pay attention to the warmth of the camera or battery.

Charge -10—45℃ Pagdiskarga -30—55℃

Kung paghaluin mo ang bago at lumang mga baterya na may magkaibang kapasidad o gagamitin ang mga ito nang magkasama, maaaring magkaroon ng pagtagas, zero boltahe, atbp. Ito ay dahil sa pagkakaiba ng kapangyarihan sa panahon ng proseso ng pag-charge, na nagiging sanhi ng ilang baterya na ma-overcharge habang nagcha-charge. Ang ilang mga baterya ay hindi ganap na naka-charge at may kapasidad sa panahon ng pag-discharge. Ang mataas na baterya ay hindi ganap na na-discharge, at ang mababang kapasidad na baterya ay sobrang na-discharge. Sa gayong mabisyo na bilog, ang baterya ay nasira, at tumutulo o may mababang (zero) na boltahe.

Ang pagkonekta sa panlabas na dalawang dulo ng baterya sa anumang konduktor ay magdudulot ng panlabas na short circuit. Ang maikling kurso ay maaaring magdulot ng malubhang kahihinatnan para sa iba't ibang uri ng baterya, tulad ng pagtaas ng temperatura ng electrolyte, pagtaas ng panloob na presyon ng hangin, atbp. Kung ang presyon ng hangin ay lumampas sa makatiis na boltahe ng takip ng baterya, ang baterya ay tumagas. Ang sitwasyong ito ay lubhang nakakapinsala sa baterya. Kung nabigo ang safety valve, maaari pa itong magdulot ng pagsabog. Samakatuwid, huwag i-short-circuit ang baterya sa labas.

01) Charging: When choosing a charger, it is best to use a charger with correct charging termination devices (such as anti-overcharge time devices, negative voltage difference (-V) cut-off charging, and anti-overheating induction devices) to avoid shortening the battery life due to overcharging. Generally speaking, slow charging can prolong the service life of the battery better than fast charging. 02) Discharge: a. The depth of discharge is the main factor affecting battery life. The higher the depth of release, the shorter the battery life. In other words, as long as the depth of discharge is reduced, it can significantly extend the battery's service life. Therefore, we should avoid over-discharging the battery to a very low voltage. b. When the battery is discharged at a high temperature, it will shorten its service life. c. If the designed electronic equipment cannot completely stop all current, if the equipment is left unused for a long time without taking out the battery, the residual current will sometimes cause the battery to be excessively consumed, causing the storm to over-discharge. d. When using batteries with different capacities, chemical structures, or different charge levels, as well as batteries of various old and new types, the batteries will discharge too much and even cause reverse polarity charging. 03) Storage: If the battery is stored at a high temperature for a long time, it will attenuate its electrode activity and shorten its service life.

Kung hindi nito gagamitin ang electrical appliance sa loob ng mahabang panahon, pinakamahusay na alisin ang baterya at ilagay ito sa isang mababang temperatura at tuyo na lugar. Kung hindi, kahit na naka-off ang electrical appliance, gagawin pa rin ng system na ang baterya ay may mababang kasalukuyang output, na magpapaikli sa buhay ng serbisyo ng bagyo.

According to the IEC standard, it should store the battery at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%. Generally speaking, the higher the storage temperature of the storm, the lower the remaining rate of capacity, and vice versa, the best place to store the battery when the refrigerator temperature is 0℃-10℃, especially for primary batteries. Even if the secondary battery loses its capacity after storage, it can be recovered as long as it is recharged and discharged several times. In theory, there is always energy loss when the battery is stored. The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery determines that the battery capacity is inevitably lost, mainly due to self-discharge. Usually, the self-discharge size is related to the solubility of the positive electrode material in the electrolyte and its instability (accessible to self-decompose) after being heated. The self-discharge of rechargeable batteries is much higher than that of primary batteries. If you want to store the battery for a long time, it is best to put it in a dry and low-temperature environment and keep the remaining battery power at about 40%. Of course, it is best to take out the battery once a month to ensure the excellent storage condition of the storm, but not to completely drain the battery and damage the battery.

A battery that is internationally prescribed as a standard for measuring potential (potential). It was invented by American electrical engineer E. Weston in 1892, so it is also called Weston battery. The positive electrode of the standard battery is the mercury sulfate electrode, the negative electrode is cadmium amalgam metal (containing 10% or 12.5% ​​cadmium), and the electrolyte is acidic, saturated cadmium sulfate aqueous solution, which is saturated cadmium sulfate and mercurous sulfate aqueous solution.

01) External short circuit or overcharge or reverse charge of the battery (forced over-discharge); 02) The battery is continuously overcharged by high-rate and high-current, which causes the battery core to expand, and the positive and negative electrodes are directly contacted and short-circuited; 03) The battery is short-circuited or slightly short-circuited. For example, improper placement of the positive and negative poles causes the pole piece to contact the short circuit, positive electrode contact, etc.

01) Whether a single battery has zero voltage; 02) The plug is short-circuited or disconnected, and the connection to the plug is not good; 03) Desoldering and virtual welding of lead wire and battery; 04) The internal connection of the battery is incorrect, and the connection sheet and the battery are leaked, soldered, and unsoldered, etc.; 05) The electronic components inside the battery are incorrectly connected and damaged.

To prevent the battery from being overcharged, it is necessary to control the charging endpoint. When the battery is complete, there will be some unique information that it can use to judge whether the charging has reached the endpoint. Generally, there are the following six methods to prevent the battery from being overcharged: 01) Peak voltage control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak voltage of the battery; 02) dT/DT control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak temperature change rate of the battery; 03) △T control: When the battery is fully charged, the difference between the temperature and the ambient temperature will reach the maximum; 04) -△V control: When the battery is fully charged and reaches a peak voltage, the voltage will drop by a particular value; 05) Timing control: control the endpoint of charging by setting a specific charging time, generally set the time required to charge 130% of the nominal capacity to handle;

01) Zero-voltage battery or zero-voltage battery in the battery pack; 02) The battery pack is disconnected, the internal electronic components and the protection circuit is abnormal; 03) The charging equipment is faulty, and there is no output current; 04) External factors cause the charging efficiency to be too low (such as extremely low or extremely high temperature).